www.thornwalker.com/ditch/snieg_prefiguration_notes.htm
To Part One
of Dr. Sniegoski's article.
To Part Two
of Dr. Sniegoski's article.
NOTES
1. Dilip Hiro, The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict (New York: Routledge, 1991), pp. 14-15.
2. Michael Dobbs, "U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup," Washington Post, December 30, 2002, p. 1.
3. Hiro, p. 119.
4. Dobbs.
5. Dobbs.
6. Stephen R. Shalom, "The United States and the Iran-Iraq War," Z Magazine, February 1990; Jeremy Scahill, "The Saddam in Rumsfeld's Closet," Common Dreams, August 2, 2002; and Chris Bury, "A Tortured Relationship U.S. and Iraq Were Not Always Enemies," NucNews, September 18, 2002. (Note: Possible copyright problem; the Bury piece seems to have been originally posted at ABC News, September 18, 2002. It is no longer available there, however.) Also Dobbs.
7. William Blum, "Anthrax for Export," The Progressive, April 1998.
8. Dobbs.
9. Dobbs.
10. Hiro, pp. 83, 117-18.
11. Steven Hurst, The Foreign Policy of the Bush Administration: In Search of a New World Order (London: Cassell, 1999), p. 86.
12. Jackson Diehl, "New Arab Arsenals Challenge Israel's Long Regional Dominance," Washington Post, April 3, 1990, p. A-35.
13. Dan Raviv and Yossi Melman, "Iraq's Arsenal of Horrors: Baghdad's Growing Menace Alters Israeli Strategy," Washington Post, April 8, 1990, p. B-1.
14. Quoted in Diehl.
15. Andrew Cockburn and Leslie Cockburn, Dangerous Liaison: The Inside Story of the U.S.-Israeli Covert Relationship (New York: Harper Perennial, 1991), pp. 350-51.
16. Majid Khadduri and Edmund Ghareeb, War in the Gulf, 1990-1991: The Iraq-Kuwait Conflict and Its Implications (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 99-100.
17. Khadduri and Ghareeb, p. 100.
18. Hurst, pp. 29-34, 72-76.
19. William Safire, "Bush Versus Israel," New York Times, March 26, 1990, p. A-17.
20. Ted Thornton, "The Gulf Wars, 1990-1991," History of the Middle East Database, March 19, 2003; and Sam Husseini and Jim Naureckas, "Zuckerman Unbound," FAIR, January/February 1993.
21. Murray Waas, "Who lost Kuwait?," San Francisco Bay Guardian, January 30, 1991.
22. Dilip Hiro, Iraq in the Eye of the Storm (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2002), pp. 32-34; Khadduri and Ghareeb, pp. 105-108.
23. Hiro, Iraq in the Eye of the Storm, pp. 32-34; Khadduri and Ghareeb, pp. 105-108.
24. Khadduri and Ghareeb, pp. 234-36.
25. Hurst, p. 88.
26. Charles Krauthammer, "Nightmare From the '30s," Washington Post, July 27, 1990, p. A27.
27. Hurst, p. 90; H. Rahman, Making of the Gulf War: Origins of Kuwait's Long-Standing Territorial Dispute with Iraq (Reading, U.K.: Ithaca Press, 1997), pp. 298-99.
28. John Edward Wilz, "The Making of Mr. Bush's War: A Failure to Learn from History?," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Summer 1996.
29. Wilz.
30. Mitchel Cohen, "How the War Party Sold the 1991 Bombing of Iraq to U.S.," Antiwar.com, December 30, 2002.
31. William Thomas, Bringing the War Home (Earthpulse Press, 1996-99), Chapter 2, Earthpulse.com.
32. Scott Peterson, "In war, some facts less factual," Christian Science Monitor, September 6, 2002; and Jon Basil Utley, "Questions About the Supposed Iraqi Threat to Saudi Arabia in l990 Aerial Photos Were Never Released!!," Americans against World Empire, 1990.
33. Jackson Diehl, "Gulf Crisis Boosts Israeli Confidence over Relations with U.S.," Washington Post, August 5, 1990, p. A-13.
34. Cockburn and Cockburn, pp. 353, 356.
35. "Solarz Forms Group Backing Gulf Policies," Washington Post, December 9, 1990, p. A-36.
36. Christopher Layne, "Why the Gulf War Was Not in the National Interest," The Atlantic, July 1991. (Web access restricted to subscribers.)
37. E.J. Dionne Jr., "Gulf Crisis Rekindles Democrats' Old Debate but with New Focus," Washington Post, January 3, 1991, p. A-16.
38. Patrick J. Buchanan, "A.M. Rosenthal's Outrage Reeks of Fakery," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 21, 1990, p. 3C.
39. Richard Cohen, "Those Calls for War," Washington Post, August 28, 1990, p. A-17.
40. Thomas L. Friedman, "Confrontation in the Gulf: Behind Bush's Hard Line," New York Times, August 22, 1990, p. A-1.
41. Sami Yosif, "The Iraqi-U.S. War: a Conspiracy Theory," in The Gulf War and the New World Order, edited by Haim Bresheeth and Nira Yuval-Davis (London: Zed Books, 1991), pp. 51-59.
42. Hurst, pp. 95-96.
43. Peter Schweizer and Rochelle Schweizer, The Bushes: Portrait of a Dynasty (New York: Doubleday, 2004), p. 394.
44. Schweizer and Schweizer, p. 393.
45. Schweizer and Schweizer, p. 394.
46. Joshua Muravchik, "At Last, Pax Americana," New York Times, January 24, 1991, p. A-23.
47. Bruce Fein, "No quarrel with the people of Iraq?," Washington Times, February 20, 1991, p. G-4.
48. Arnold Beichman, "How the divide over Iraq strategies began," Washington Times, November 27, 2002, p. A-18.
49. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), p. 489.
50. James A. Baker III, with Thomas M. DeFrank, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989-1992 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1995), p. 435.
51. Norman Podhoretz, "World War IV: How It Started, What It Means, and Why We Have to Win," Commentary, September 2004.
52. A.M. Rosenthal, "Why the Betrayal?," New York Times, April 2, 1991, p. A-19.
53. Rosenthal, "The Way Out," New York Times, April 23, 1991, p. A-21.
54. Rosenthal, "The Fear of Morality," New York Times, April 16, 1991, p. A-23.
55. Safire, "Bush's Moral Crisis," New York Times, April 1, 1991, p. A- 17. See also: Safire, "Follow the Kurds to Save Iraq," New York Times, March 28, 1991, p. A-25; and Safire, "Bush's Bay of Pigs," New York Times, April 4, 1991, p. A-23.
56. Krauthammer, "After Winning Big, Bush Ran Away Fast," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 5, 1991, p. 3-B.
57. Schweizer and Schweizer, p. 399.
58. Tom Diaz, "Israelis aren't making Baker's job any easier," Washington Times, April 8,1991, p. A-9.
59. Warren Strobel, "Baker condemns Israeli settlement policy," Washington Times, May 23, 1991, p. A-8.
60. George H.W. Bush, The President's News Conference, September 12th, 1991, Public Papers of George Bush: 1989-1993, The American Presidency Project; Strobel, "Bush won't back loan to Jewish state," Washington Times, March 18, 1992, p. A-7; and Benjamin Ginsberg, The Fatal Embrace: Jews and the State, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 218-23. (My review-essay on Ginsberg's book is posted at The Last Ditch: "Deadly enemy, deadly friend.")
61. Strobel, "Bush won't back loan to Jewish state"; Michael Hedge, "Israeli lobby president resigns over promises," Washington Times, November 4, 1992, p. A-3; "Loan Guarantees for Israel," Washington Times, September 11, 1992, p. F-2; Frank Gaffney, Jr., "Neocon job that begs for answers," October 13, 1992, p. F-1; Andrew Borowiec, "Group counters Bush on Israel," Washington Times, February 27, 1992, p. A-1; and Ginsberg, pp. 218-23.
Baker is quoted in John Ehrman, The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectuals and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1994 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 197.
An interesting side note. In Jewish Power: Inside the Jewish Establishment (Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1996), J.J. Goldberg observes (p. 234): "In 1991, at the height of the Bush administration's confrontation with Israel, no fewer than seven of the nineteen assistant secretaries in the State Department were Jews."
62. "Committee on U.S. Interests in the Middle East," SourceWatch, Center for Media and Democracy, April 1992; and "New Committee Explains Israel as U.S. Asset," The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, April 1, 1992.
63. "The Complete Unexpurgated AIPAC Tape," Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, December/January 1992/93.
64. Robert I. Friedman, "The Wobbly Israel Lobby," Washington Post, November 1, 1992, p. C-1; and Cathryn Donohoe, "Defection of the Neocons," Washington Times, October 27, 1992, p. E-1.
65. Fred Barnes, "Neocons for Clinton: They're Back!" New Republic, March 7, 1992, pp. 12-14; and Stephen S. Rosenfeld, "Return of the Neocons," Washington Post, August 28, 1992, p. A-23.
66. Krauthammer, "Name Neocon to Post at State Dept.," Chicago Sun-Times, January 19, 1993, p. 27; and "America and Israel: For love of Zion," The Economist, November 14, 1992, p. 27.
67. Daniel Pipes, "Bush, Clinton, and the Jews: A Debate," Commentary, October 1992.
68. "Jewish Vote In Presidential Elections," Jewish Virtual Library.
Stranded on this
page from off site?
Here are TLD's home page and
table of contents.